A panel discussion themed as "Polish Officers Serving under the Crescent in the 19th Century" has been held with the attendance of Prof. Dr. İlber Ortaylı and Polish historian Dr. Piotr Szlanta in Düsseldorf, Germany.

The panel discussion, organized jointly by Yunus Emre Institute's Cologne Branch and Polish Cultural Institute at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, focused on the lives of the Polish generals who sought refuge in the Ottoman Empire.

Prof. Dr. Ortaylı described the services performed by famous Polish generals such as Murad Pasha (Józef Bem), Mehmed Sadık Pasha (Michał Czajkowski) and Mustafa Celaleddin Pasha (Konstanty Borzęcki) at the service of the Ottoman army.

Polish historian Dr. Piotr Szlanta talked about the life of Murad Pasha (Josef Bem), who had great military success at that time, before he took refuge in the Ottoman Empire.

Students and academics attended the panel discussion as the audience and the panelists answered questions from the audience at the end of the discussion.